Enigmatic Tragedy

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PUASA enam hari pada bulan Syawal adalah kesinambungan kepada ibadat puasa sebulan yang diwajibkan pada Ramadan.

Walaupun tidak berdosa sekiranya tidak dilakukan, tetapi hakikatnya puasa sunat enam hari pada bulan Syawal adalah ibadat yang penuh bermakna, malah ia amalan generasi soleh yang terdahulu.

Nabi s.a.w ada menjelaskan ganjaran kepada mereka yang berpuasa enam hari pada Syawal melalui beberapa hadisnya, antaranya hadis diriwayatkan Muslim yang bermaksud: “Sesiapa berpuasa pada Ramadan, kemudian diiringi dengan (puasa) enam hari Syawal, maka dia seperti berpuasa satu tahun penuh.”

Menerusi hadis lain yang dikeluarkan At-Tabrani dengan sanadnya daripada Ibnu Umar r.a, Rasulullah s.a.w bersabda, maksudnya: “Sesiapa yang berpuasa pada Ramadan dan diiringi dengan puasa enam hari pada Syawal, nescaya hilang segala dosanya seperti bayi yang baru dilahirkan oleh ibunya.”

Penegasan baginda itu menunjukkan puasa enam hari bulan Syawal amat digalakkan walaupun ia tidak sampai tahap wajib, kerana ganjarannya sangat besar.

Nabi s.a.w sendiri menggalakkan umatnya rajin beribadat, dengan ibadat fardu disusuli dengan amalan sunat. Baginda ada menerangkan Allah S.W.T amat suka kepada hamba-Nya yang rajin beribadat, seperti pada hadis berikut:

Abu Hurairah meriwayatkan Rasulullah s.a.w bersabda maksudnya: “Sesungguhnya Allah berfirman yang maksudnya: “Sesiapa yang memusuhi wali-Ku, maka sesungguhnya aku mengisytiharkan perang terhadapnya. Dan tiada seorang hamba-Ku yang bertaqarrub (beramal) kepada-Ku dengan sesuatu yang lebih Aku cintai hanya dari ia menunaikan semua yang Aku fardukan ke atas dirinya. Dan hendaklah hamba-Ku sentiasa bertaqarrub dirinya kepada-Ku dengan nawafil (ibadat sunat) sehingga Aku mencintainya. Maka apabila Aku telah mencintainya, nescaya adalah Aku sebagai pendengarannya yang ia mendengar dengannya, dan sebagai penglihatannya yang ia melihat dengannya, dan sebagai tangannya yang ia bertindak dengannya, dan sebagai kakinya yang ia berjalan dengannya. Dan jika ia meminta kepada-Ku nescaya Aku berikan kepadanya, dan jika ia memohon perlindungan kepada-Ku nescaya Aku lindungi.” (Hadis riwayat Al-Bukhari)

Jika berpuasa pada Ramadan terpaksa menahan lapar dan dahaga, berpuasa enam hari pada Syawal tidak kurang juga menuntut ketabahan, malah apabila diperhatikan bahangnya lebih terasa kerana ketika berpuasa orang lain ‘berbuka.’

Tetapi sedar atau tidak, ibadat sunat enam hari itu juga adalah penanda aras keimanan dan ketakwaan seseorang terhadap Allah; sanggup berlapar dan dahaga ketika musim orang menikmati aneka juadah, semata-mata kerana menyahut anjuran agama.

Menurut ulama, puasa sunat enam hari pada Syawal sebaik-baiknya (lebih afdal) dilakukan berturut-turut, dimulai pada hari kedua Syawal dan diikuti lima hari lagi berturut-turut.

Tetapi jika tidak dapat, boleh dilakukan pada mana-mana hari asalkan masih di dalam Syawal dan boleh dengan tidak berturut-turut asalkan cukup enam hari.

Sesetengah ulama pula berpendapat puasa enam itu boleh dilakukan secara berselang-seli atau tidak terus menerus sepanjang Syawal.

Ulama juga berbeza pendapat antara puasa sunat enam hari pada bulan Syawal dengan puasa ganti (qada) Ramadan.

Pendapat pertama mengatakan tidak dibolehkan niat puasa ganti bersama puasa sunat Syawal. Ini kerana berdasarkan hadis setiap amalan berdasarkan niat.

Sebagai contoh, Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (Muis) dalam menggariskan adakah puasa enam boleh diniat sekali dengan puasa ganti: ‘Niat puasa enam tidak boleh disekalikan dengan puasa

qada.

Imam As-Syafi’i (di dalam Kitab Al-Umm) berpendapat dalam mensyarahkan bab ‘setiap amalan dengan niatnya’ bahawa: Hendaklah dibezakan ibadat puasa Ramadan, puasa nazar, puasa kafarah, puasa qada dan puasa sunat.

Imam Jalaluddin As-Suyuti (di dalam Kitab Al-Isybah) juga berpendapat hendaklah diasingkan puasa Ramadan atau nazar atau puasa sunat. Namun, seseorang yang berniat puasa qada ketika Syawal boleh juga dikurniakan pahala puasa enam (tanpa menjatuhkan niat itu) mengikut pendapat

sebahagian ulama.’

Pendapat kedua mengatakan dibolehkan niat bersama, malah memadai seseorang yang ingin melakukan puasa qada dan puasa sunat enam hari dengan berniat hanya puasa qada pada bulan Syawal.

Mereka akan mendapat dua ganjaran sekali gus dengan syarat dia perlu berniat puasa qada terlebih dulu. Ini kerana puasa qada adalah wajib dan puasa enam adalah sunat.

Hal yang sama berlaku ke atas solat tahiyatul masjid. Jika seseorang memasuki masjid dan terus melakukan solat fardu, maka dia akan diberi ganjaran dua pahala sekali gus.

Bekas ketua jawatankuasa fatwa al-Azhar, Sheikh ‘Atiyyah Saqr, berkata seseorang yang tertinggal puasa pada Ramadan boleh berpuasa sunat enam hari Syawal dengan niat bersama puasa ganti.

Menurutnya, orang yang berpuasa itu akan mendapat ganjaran berganda secara serentak; menggantikan puasa yang ditinggal dan mendapat ganjaran puasa enam hari Syawal.

“Bagaimanapun, dianjurkan seseorang itu menggantikan puasa tertinggal secara berasingan dengan puasa enam hari Syawal (supaya mendapat ganjaran yang lebih),” katanya.

Ada juga ulama berpendapat puasa enam seharusnya didahulukan kerana ia hanya boleh diamalkan pada bulan Syawal saja. Bagi puasa qada, ia boleh dilakukan dalam tempoh 10 bulan berikutnya sebelum tibanya Ramadan akan datang.

Sesetengah ulama berpendapat, orang yang mempunyai hutang puasa Ramadan hendaklah ‘membayar’ terlebih dulu, kemudian baru dikerjakan sunat puasa enam. Tidak mendapat sunat puasa enam jika ia juga diniatkan sebagai puasa qada.

Perbezaan pendapat itu sudah tentu memberikan pilihan dan ruang kepada umat Islam dalam melaksanakan amal ibadat, sesuai dengan konsep taysir (kelapangan) yang menjadi satu aspek penting dalam syariah, selagi mana tiada larangan terhadapnya.

Source: Harian Metro

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10 world’s biggest oil and gas companies, as of released by Forbes for the year 2008 (the indexing combines the aggregate of 4 different criteria - sales, profits, assets and market value):

Figures are in the US dollars.

1. ExxonMobil (United States)

The history of ExxonMobil stretches back all the way to the 19th century, through the inception of Standard Oil company founded by John D. Rockefeller.

From a small outfit, Standard Oil grew enormously until it was considered a monopoly, forcing the authority to split the company to 34 different companies. Exxon and Mobil are two of the resulting new entities, which in 1999 decided to merge in a so-called the biggest merger in history. Fortune also named ExxonMobil as the world’s most profitable company, ahead of Shell and General Electric.

Sales = $358.6 billion, profits = $40.61 billion, assets = $242.08 billion, market value = $465.51 billion.

2. Royal Dutch Shell (Netherlands)

Two companies - Royal Dutch Petroleum of Netherlands and Shell Transport and Trading Company of United Kingdom decided to merge their operations in the early 20th century. The result is the formation of The Royal Dutch Shell Group with 2 main offices, one in The Hague (Netherlands), and another in London (United Kingdom). The formation of the new entity also signaled the group’s intention to compete with the then dominant Standard Oil company. After more than a century, seems like it is doing well.

Sales = $355.78 billion, profits = $31.33 billion, assets = $266.22 billion, market value = $221.09 billion.

3. BP (United Kingdom)

The founding of BP was almost concurrent with the formation of the Shell Group, but it had to endure a path full of controversies and complexity. BP’s history is always linked to the middle east oil struggle, America’s CIA agents, and the coup of the Iranian’s power to protect the company’s commercial interest in the country. After merging with Amoco, the group was known as BP Amoco albeit for only a while before reverting back to BP. While BP originally denotes British Petroleum, the company is transitioning its name to Beyond Petroleum to reflect its global reach and operation.

Sales = $281.03 billion, profits = $20.60 billion, assets = $236.08 billion, market value = $204.94 billion.

4. Total (France)

The French government was once approached by the Shell Group to be part of the company, but instead of agreeing for a partnership deal, the then Prime Minister, Raymond Poincare decided to form something original, and something French. Under his directive, a company by the name of Compagnie francaise des petroles, or CFP was founded in 1924 which was also made as a commercial tool in case of war. A number of mergers and acquisition ensued in the next few decades, before the company settling with its new name Total.

Sales = $199.74 billion, profits = $19.24 billion, assets = $165.75 billion, market value = $181.80 billion.

5. Chevron (United States)

Chevron is also another spin-off from the Standard Oil company, and made its mark after discovering the world’s largest oil field in Saudi Arabia in the 50s. Chevron has commercial interests in pretty much everything related to oil and gas - exploration, production, transportation, logistics, marketing and trading, manufacturing, polymer, chemicals and power. The company operates in more than 80 countries worldwide, providing employment to more than 50,000 people across all major continents.

Sales = $203.97 billion, profits = $18.69 billion, assets = $148.79 billion, market value = $179.97 billion.

6. Gazprom (Russia)

Gazprom is Russia’s largest company, and controls as much as 90% of the country’s overall production of gas. Its overall capacity also accounts for more than 15% market share of the world’s gas reserve. On top of that, the company boasts its presence by owning a gas pipeline network stretching some 150 thousand kilometers in length, currently the longest pipeline in the world. Apart from oil and gas, Gazprom also has business interests in finance, insurance, banking, communication, media, agriculture and construction.

Sales = $81.76 billion, profits = $23.30 billion, assets = $201.72 billion, market value = $306.79 billion.

7. ConocoPhillips (United States)

ConocoPhillips is listed among the Six Supermajors alongside ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, Chevron and Total. The Supermajor refers to the world’s largest non-state owned energy companies. As of today, the company operates in close to 40 countries worldwide, with its headquarter located in Texas, United States, and employing more than 30,000 staff. Conoco runs service stations under different brand names such as ProJET (Malaysia), COOP (Switzerland) and Turkpetrol (Turkey).

Sales = $171.50 billion, profits = $11.89 billion, assets = $177.76 billion, market value = $129.15 billion.

8. ENI (Italy)

ENI or Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi is an Italian-based, government backed multinational company started in the 1920s with the official incorporation finalized about 30 years later. With strong presence inside its country of origin and worldwide, the company is now ranked as the third largest oil refiner in Europe, behind Shell and Total. ENI’s core businesses include exploration and production, gas, power, energy, engineering, technology and construction.

Sales = $119.27 billion, profits = $13.70 billion, assets = $128.015 billion, market value = $127.38 billion.

9. Petrobras (Brazil)

Based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Petrobras inception was highly credited to the country’s two-time President, Getulio Vargas, whose political career ended with a suicide. Between 1950s up to the turn of the 20th century, Petrobras was the monopoly for the oil and gas industry in Brazil and played a big part in driving the country’s economy. Apart from its native country, the company also has significant presence in North America, South America, Africa, Europe and Asia.

Sales = $87.52 billion, profits = $11.04 billion, assets = $129.98 billion, market value = $236.67 billion.

10. PetroChina (China)

One of the most profitable companies in Asia, PetroChina was also ranked by Forbes as the largest company in China, and 55th in the overall worldwide ranking. Through prudent management and operation, the company has been presented with a string of awards by international magazines that include the best company in dividend payout policy, best investor relation, and best corporate governance. PetroChina is publicly traded in a few major stock exchanges including New York, Hong Kong and Shanghai.

Sales = $88.24 billion, profits = $18.21 billion, assets = $111.70 billion, market value = $546.14 billion.

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1. If you are right handed, you will tend to chew your food on your right side. If you are left handed, you will tend to chew your food on your left side

2.If you stop getting thirsty, you need to drink more water. For when a human body is dehydrated, its thirst mechanism shuts off.

3.Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you from crying.

4.Your tongue is germ free only if it is pink. If it is white there is a thin film of bacteria on it.

5.The Mercedes-Benz motto is 'Das Beste oder Nichts' meaning 'the best or nothing'.

6.The Titanic was the first ship to use the SOS signal.

7.The pupil of the eye expands as much as 45 percent when a person looks at something pleasing.

8.The average person who stops smoking requires one hour less sleep a night.

9.Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and strengthens the immune system. Six-year-olds laugh an average of 300 times a day. Adults only laugh 15 to 100 times a day.

10.The roar that we hear when we place a seashell next to our ear is not the ocean, but rather the sound of blood surging through the veins in the ear.

11.Dalmatians are born without spots.

12.Bats always turn left when exiting a cave.

13.The 'v' in the name of a court case does not stand for 'versus', but for 'and' (in civil proceedings) or 'against' (in criminal proceedings)

14.Men's shirts have the buttons on the right, but women's shirts have the buttons on the left

15.The owl is the only bird to drop its upper eyelid to wink. All other birds raise their lower eyelids

16.The reason honey is so easy to digest is that it's already been digested by a bee

17.Roosters cannot crow if they cannot extend their necks

18.The color blue has a calming effect. It causes the brain to release calming hormones

19.Every time you sneeze some of your brain cells die

20.Your left lung is smaller than your right lung to make room for your heart

21.The verb "cleave" is the only English word with two synonyms which are antonyms of each other: adhere and separate

22.When you blush, the lining of your stomach also turns red

23.When hippos are upset, their sweat turns red

24.The first Harley Davidson motorcycle was built in 1903, and used a tomato can for a carburetor

25.The lion that roars in the MGM logo is named Volney

26.Google is actually the common name for a number with a million zeros

27.Switching letters is called spoonerism. For example, saying jag of Flapan, instead of flag of Japan

28.It cost 7 million dollars to build the Titanic and 200 million to make a film about it

29.The attachment of the human skin to muscles is what causes dimples

30.There are 1,792 steps to the top of the Eiffel Tower

31.The sound you hear when you crack your knuckles is actually the sound of nitrogen gas bubbles bursting

32.Human hair and fingernails continue to grow after death

33.It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body

34.The plastic things on the end of shoelaces are called aglets

35. Most soccer players run 7 miles in a game

36.The only part of the body that has no blood supply is the cornea in the eye. It takes in oxygen directly from the air

37.Every day 200 million couples make love, 400,000 babies are born, and 140,000 people die

38.In most watch advertisements the time displayed on the watch is 10:10 because then the arms frame the brand of the watch (and make it look like it is smiling).

39.Colgate faced big obstacle marketing toothpaste in Spanish speaking countries. Colgate translates into the command "go hang yourself."

40.The only 2 animals that can see behind itself without turning its head are the rabbit and the parrot

41.Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in their hair

42.The average person laughs 13 times a day

43.Do you know the names of the three wise monkeys? They are:Mizaru(See no evil), Mikazaru(Hear no evil), and Mazaru(Speak no evil)

44.Women blink nearly twice as much as men

45.German Shepherds bite humans more than any other breed of dog

46.Large kangaroos cover more than 30 feet with each jump

47.Whip makes a cracking sound because its tip moves faster than the speed of sound

48.Two animal rights protesters were protesting at the cruelty of sending pigs to a slaughterhouse in Bonn. Suddenly the pigs, all two thousand of them, escaped through a broken fence and stampeded, trampling the two hapless protesters to death

49.If a statue in the park of a person on a horse has both front legs in the air, the person died in battle; if the horse has one front leg in the air, the person died as a result of wounds received in battle; if the horse has all four legs on the ground, the person died of natural cause.

50.The human heart creates enough pressure while pumping to squirt blood 30 feet!!